| 1. | The three basic methods of proof: direct argument, proving the contrapositive, and proof by contradiction. |
| 2. | Disproving universally quantified statements by giving a counterexample. |
| 3. | Cantor's method for proving that a set is countable. |
| 4. | Cantor's method for proving that a set is uncountable. |
| 5. | Proof by induction. |
| 6. | The Pigeonhole Principle and its use. |
| 7. | Counting using permutations and combinations. The Product Rule and the Sum Rule. |
| 8. | Pascal's triangle, binomial coefficients (n “choose” k) and the Binomial Theorem. |
| 9. | Counting arguments that involve counting something in two different ways. |
| 10. | Relations, equivalence relations, and equivalence classes. |
| 11. | Congruence modulo m as an equivalence relation, and its equivalence classes. |