1. | The three basic methods of proof: direct argument, proving the contrapositive, and proof by contradiction. |
2. | Disproving universally quantified statements by giving a counterexample. |
3. | Cantor's method for proving that a set is countable. |
4. | Cantor's method for proving that a set is uncountable. |
5. | Proof by induction. |
6. | The Pigeonhole Principle and its use. |
7. | Counting using permutations and combinations. The Product Rule and the Sum Rule. |
8. | Pascal's triangle, binomial coefficients (n “choose” k) and the Binomial Theorem. |
9. | Counting arguments that involve counting something in two different ways. |
10. | Relations, equivalence relations, and equivalence classes. |
11. | Congruence modulo m as an equivalence relation, and its equivalence classes. |